Fractura de odontoides

An odontoid fracture is a break through a small peg‑shaped part of the second neck bone that acts as a pivot for head turning. Because this area is close to the spinal cord and brainstem, the injury can threaten neck stability and, in severe cases, nerve or spinal cord function.​

1) What is this condition?

  • The “odontoid” (or “dens”) is a tooth‑like bump on the second cervical vertebra (C2); a fracture here is called an odontoid fracture.​

  • It usually occurs after a fall or impact to the head/neck, especially low‑energy falls in older adults and higher‑energy trauma in younger people.​

2) How serious is it?

  • It can range from stable (bone pieces still lined up) to highly unstable, where small movements could risk spinal cord injury.​

  • Serious warning signs include neck pain after trauma, weakness, numbness, trouble walking, or breathing/swallowing changes.​

3) Non‑surgical treatments

  • Rigid neck brace (hard cervical collar) worn continuously for several weeks to months to let the fracture heal while limiting neck motion.​

  • In some cases, a halo vest (frame fixed to the skull with pins and attached to a chest vest) is used for stronger immobilization, especially in younger or very unstable fractures.​

  • Pain medicines and careful fall‑prevention, plus treatment of bone thinning (osteoporosis) when present.​

4) What type of surgery may be necessary?

  • Anterior odontoid screw: a screw is inserted from the front of the neck into the fractured peg to hold the pieces together.​

  • Posterior C1–C2 fusion: screws and rods are placed from the back to lock the first and second neck bones together, bypassing the fracture.​

5) Goals of surgery vs non‑surgical care

  • Non‑surgical goals:

    • Achieve a stable neck (solid bony or fibrous healing) and pain relief without the risks of an operation, especially in older or medically fragile patients.​

  • Surgery goals:

    • Provide more reliable stability and higher chances of bony healing, reduce neck pain, and allow earlier, safer mobilization.​

6) How surgery can “fix” the problem

  • Anterior screw fixation compresses the fracture line and holds the odontoid in place, aiming to restore “normal” motion between C1 and C2 after healing.​

  • Posterior fusion connects C1 and C2 with screws and rods and uses bone graft so they grow together into a single unit, permanently limiting some head‑turning but creating strong stability.​

7) Risks of surgery (general and specific)

  • General: infection, bleeding, blood clots, heart or lung complications, and anesthesia risks—higher in older or frail patients.​

  • Specific:

    • Injury to the spinal cord, nerves, or arteries, which could cause weakness, numbness, stroke‑like symptoms, or paralysis.​

    • Failure of the fracture to fuse (non‑union) or hardware problems, sometimes needing revision surgery.​

8) Chances this surgery will work

  • Anterior odontoid screw fixation reports solid bony union around 80–90% in many series, especially when done within about 1 week and when the fracture gap is small.​

  • Meta‑analysis suggests posterior fusion has even higher fusion rates than anterior screw fixation, with similar overall complication and death rates.​

9) Possible complications from the surgery

  • Short‑term: swallowing problems, hoarseness, wound infection, or need for re‑operation due to screw misplacement or loosening.​

  • Long‑term: non‑union, painful hardware, loss of some neck rotation (particularly after posterior fusion), or adjacent‑level wear over time.​

10) Typical recovery from the condition

  • With bracing alone, many type I and type III fractures and some type II fractures can heal and remain stable, although non‑union rates are higher in type II, especially in older adults.​

  • Even when the bone does not fully fuse, some patients achieve a stable fibrous union with acceptable pain and function.​

11) Typical recovery after surgery

  • Hospital stay of a few days for pain control, monitoring, and early mobilization with a collar.​

  • Neck movement is restricted for several weeks, then gradually increased per surgeon guidance; bony fusion typically takes a few months.​

  • Most patients transition to light daily activities within weeks, with heavier tasks delayed until healing is confirmed.​

12) How long in the hospital

  • Uncomplicated anterior screw or posterior fusion surgeries usually require 2–4 days in hospital.​

  • Older patients or those with other injuries/illnesses may need longer stays or short‑term rehab.​

13) Long‑term outlook

  • Many patients—especially with timely, appropriate treatment—achieve stable alignment and good pain control.​

  • In older adults, decisions often balance neck stability, risk of non‑union, and overall medical risk; even with non‑union, acceptable function is sometimes possible.​

  • Untreated or grossly unstable fractures carry a risk of late spinal cord injury, so long‑term follow‑up is important.​

14) Need for outpatient follow‑up

  • Regular visits with spine or neurosurgery to check symptoms and obtain follow‑up X‑rays/CT scans to monitor healing and alignment.​

  • Ongoing collar or brace adjustments and eventual weaning once stability is confirmed.​

  • Long‑term monitoring of bone health (osteoporosis evaluation and treatment) and fall‑prevention strategies, especially in older adults.