Xuất huyết dưới màng não

A subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is sudden bleeding in the space around the brain, usually from a burst weak spot in a blood vessel or from head trauma. It is a life‑threatening emergency that often begins with a very sudden, extremely severe headache.​

1) What is this condition?

  • Blood leaks into the fluid‑filled space surrounding the brain, rather than staying inside the blood vessel where it belongs.​

  • The most common non‑trauma cause is a ruptured brain aneurysm (a ballooned weak spot in an artery).​

  • Symptoms often include “worst headache of life,” neck stiffness, nausea, vomiting, light sensitivity, confusion, or loss of consciousness.​

2) How serious is it?

  • SAH is very serious; about half of people die suddenly or before reaching the hospital.​

  • Among those who reach care, many survive, but there is a high risk of complications like re‑bleeding, vessel spasms, fluid buildup, and stroke.​

  • Long hospital stays, intensive monitoring, and long‑term rehab are often needed.​

3) Non‑surgical treatments

  • Emergency intensive care to stabilize breathing, blood pressure, and fluid balance, often in a neuro‑ICU.​

  • Medicines to:

    • Reduce the chance of vessel “spasms” that can cause strokes (e.g., nimodipine).​

    • Control pain, nausea, agitation, and prevent or treat seizures.​

    • Keep blood pressure in a careful target range (low enough to reduce re‑bleed risk, high enough to feed the brain).​

  • Managing complications such as fluid buildup (hydrocephalus), fever, high blood sugar, and blood clots in the legs.​

4) Types of surgery/procedures that may be needed

  • Aneurysm “clipping”: open brain surgery to place a tiny metal clip on the neck of the aneurysm, closing it off from blood flow.​

  • Aneurysm “coiling” or other endovascular treatments: threading a catheter from the groin or wrist into the brain artery and filling the aneurysm with coils or devices to seal it.​

  • Drain placement (external ventricular drain or shunt) if blood blocks fluid flow and causes pressure buildup.​

5) Goals of surgery vs non‑surgical care

  • Non‑surgical goals:

    • Stabilize the person, protect the brain from low oxygen, extreme blood pressure swings, and complications.​

    • Prevent or treat vessel spasms, hydrocephalus, seizures, and other problems that can worsen outcome.​

  • Surgery/endovascular goals:

    • Permanently seal the bleeding source (usually an aneurysm) to prevent another, often fatal, bleed.​

    • Relieve dangerous pressure or fluid buildup around the brain.​

6) How surgery can “fix” the problem

  • Clipping pinches off the base of the aneurysm so blood can no longer enter the weak ballooned area and leak.​

  • Coiling and similar catheter‑based methods fill the aneurysm with soft metal or devices so blood clots inside it and stops flowing into the bulge.​

  • Fluid drains let excess fluid and blood‑stained fluid out of the brain’s cavities, lowering pressure and protecting brain tissue.​

7) Risks of surgery (general and specific)

  • General risks: bleeding, infection, blood clots, and anesthesia problems.​

  • Specific risks:

    • For clipping: injury to nearby brain or vessels causing stroke, weakness, speech or vision problems.​

    • For coiling: incomplete sealing, device‑related clots, or later re‑bleeding if the aneurysm reopens.​

    • For drains: infection, blockage, over‑drainage, or long‑term need for a permanent shunt.​

8) Chances this surgery will work

  • Sealing the aneurysm (by clipping or coiling) greatly reduces the risk of another hemorrhage from that aneurysm.​

  • Large studies show similar overall functional results at around 3 months to 1 year for clipping and coiling, with some trials showing slightly better early outcomes with coiling but a bit higher late re‑bleed risk.​

  • Outcome still depends heavily on how sick the person was at arrival (grade), age, and complications.​

9) Possible complications from the surgery

  • Early: stroke from vessel spasm or procedure‑related clots, new or worsened weakness or speech issues, re‑bleeding during or soon after the procedure.​

  • Intermediate: hydrocephalus needing a permanent shunt, infections, seizures, or lung and heart issues from long ICU stays.​

  • Longer‑term: cognitive and mood changes, fatigue, headaches, and, rarely, delayed re‑bleeding from treated or new aneurysms.​

10) Typical recovery from the condition

  • Recovery is often slow and can continue for many months; most improvement happens in the first 6 months, but meaningful gains can still occur up to a year or more.​

  • Many survivors have some lasting issues with memory, speed of thinking, mood, or fatigue even if they look “normal” physically.​

  • Intensive rehabilitation (physical, occupational, speech, and cognitive therapy) improves walking, independence, and quality of life.​

11) Typical recovery after surgery

  • First days to weeks: care in neuro‑ICU with close monitoring for vessel spasms (often peaking days 3–14), fluid buildup, and re‑bleeding.​

  • After ICU: step‑down or regular ward stay focusing on gradually increasing movement, managing headaches, and beginning therapies.​

  • After discharge: many go to rehab hospitals or programs, working on strength, balance, daily tasks, and thinking skills over weeks to months.​

12) How long in the hospital

  • Typical stays are around 10–20 days, depending on severity and complications.​

  • More severe cases or those with many complications may need longer hospitalization and then inpatient rehab.​

13) Long‑term outlook

  • Overall, SAH has a high early death rate, but among those who survive to hospital and receive treatment, many eventually reach good independence.​

  • Studies show that more than half of survivors can achieve excellent or good function within 1–4 years, although some deficits may remain.​

  • Risk of another aneurysm rupture is reduced once the culprit aneurysm is treated, but controlling blood pressure and not smoking are crucial.​

14) Need for outpatient follow‑up

  • Regular visits with neurosurgery and stroke/brain specialists to monitor recovery, manage headaches, mood, and thinking changes, and check for seizures.​

  • Follow‑up imaging (CT/MRI and vessel imaging) to confirm the aneurysm is fully secured and to look for any new aneurysms or fluid buildup.​

  • Ongoing rehab, neuropsychological support, and counseling for both patient and family are often needed to address fatigue, emotional changes, and return to work or driving.